The Indian subcontinent was house to the city Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE. Within the following millennium, the oldest scriptures related to Hinduism started to be composed. Social stratification, primarily based on caste, emerged within the first millennium BCE, and Buddhism and Jainism arose. Early political consolidations came about beneath the Maurya and Gupta empires; the later peninsular Center Kingdoms influenced cultures so far as southeast Asia. Within the medieval period, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, and Sikhism emerged, all including to the area’s various tradition. A lot of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate; the south was united beneath the Vijayanagara Empire. The financial system expanded within the 17th century within the Mughal Empire. Within the mid-18th century, the subcontinent got here beneath British East India Firm rule, and within the mid-19th beneath British crown rule. A nationalist motion emerged within the late 19th century, which later, beneath Mahatma Gandhi, was famous for nonviolent resistance and led to India’s independence in 1947.
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